An Idea for Extracting Sub-E–K Diagrams of Different Materials from a Representative Composite E–K Diagram, and Extracting Information from Time-Resolved E–K–t Plots

Mrhrvarz Molkhasi — Wed, 30 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Chemical reactions can induce significant changes in the electronic structure of materials, leading to alterations in their electrical conductivity and magnetic properties. In this article, we explore the idea that a three-dimensional Energy–Wave Vector–Time (E–K–t) diagram – essentially a time-resolved band structure – can reveal valuable information about how a material’s electronic structure evolves during a reaction. By mapping the occupied electronic states in energy € vs. crystal momentum (k) over time (t), one can follow the electrons involved in bonding changes in real time. We discuss how such dynamic E–K–t analysis sheds light on the speed, intermediates, and extent of chemical reactions, and we introduce the concept of “reaction noise” to describe fluctuations in a material’s electronic and magnetic behavior caused by ongoing reactions. This approach provides a new perspective for understanding reaction mechanisms, with potential applications in improving material performance (e.g., conductivity and magnetism) and in developing sensors to detect reaction-induced changes. We support these ideas with recent findings in ultrafast spectroscopy and operando measurements from the literature. Finally, a comprehensive reference list of 8–10 relevant studies (from journals such as Nature, Science, RSC, IEEE, etc.) is provided to situate this work in the context of current scientific research.

Evaluating sustainability: A review of recycling technologies of spent lithium-ion batteries

Muhammad Aamir Ali Shehzada, Aneeqa Kanwal, Aiman Gul, Zainab Ehsan — Sat, 05 Apr 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The lithium-ion battery business has grown significantly over the last eight years, with lithium recycling playing an important role in this expansion. The organizations rely on lithium, a key component of lithium-ion batteries, which is derived from natural minerals and brines. However, the sophisticated and energy-intensive procedures required for lithium extraction use a huge aggregate of energy. Lithium usage poured by 18% between 2018 and 2019, indicating the depletion is inevitable. This has led to the development of various lithium recycling methods, including pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and electrochemical extraction. Despite increased interest in lithium recycling, less than 1% of lithium is presently recycled. Lithium-ion batteries are classified into several varieties, including lithium carbonate, lithium hydroxide, lithium metal, butyl lithium, and lithium specialty batteries. The applications section focuses on their use in transferrable strategies, rechargeable cars, and grid-energy packing structures. This study concludes by emphasizing the accumulative petition for lithium-ion batteries as well as the need for improvements in enactment, affordability, and safety.

International journal of chemical & material sciences

An Idea for Extracting Sub-E–K Diagrams of Different Materials from a Representative Composite E–K Diagram, and Extracting Information from Time-Resolved E–K–t Plots

Evaluating sustainability: A review of recycling technologies of spent lithium-ion batteries