https://sloap.org/journal/index.php/ijss/issue/feed 2026-09-30T00:00:00+00:00 Tamar Shiukashvili ijss@sloap.org Open Journal Systems <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>IJSS</strong> is published in English and it is open to authors around the world regardless of the nationality. The frequency or number of issues per year is continous.<br />ISSN 2632-9409</p> https://sloap.org/journal/index.php/ijss/article/view/2483 2026-05-07T13:18:02+00:00 Ken Charles kencharles@hotmail.com

<p>This article analyzes the 2026 military escalation between the United States, Israel, and Iran, highlighting its severe consequences for the construction industry across the Middle East and Africa (MEA). Drawing lessons from five earlier conflicts—the 1991 Gulf War, the 2003 Iraq War, the Syrian civil war, the Russia–Ukraine war, and the 12?day US/Israel–Iran war of June 2025—the study contextualizes current destruction and explores reconstruction pathways. Using a qualitative, multi?case comparative approach, it synthesizes open?source intelligence, government reports, industry databases, and expert analyses to estimate reconstruction needs and identify success factors for post?conflict rebuilding.</p> <p>Findings show unprecedented damage to strategic assets in Iran and spillover effects across Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states and Jordan. Airports, desalination plants, power stations, and the Bushehr nuclear facility were destroyed, while energy infrastructure losses reduced revenues and raised reconstruction costs. Sectoral damage assessments suggest costs exceeding $600 billion over 15 years, consistent with IMF warnings of systemic shocks to energy markets and trade routes. Lessons from prior wars emphasize the need for stable security, integrated planning, innovative financing, and resilient infrastructure.</p> <p>Practical implications include risk management, supply chain diversification, workforce development, and embedding sustainability. International cooperation will be vital to mobilize finance and expertise. </p>

2026-07-04T00:00:00+00:00 Copyright (c) 2026 International journal of social sciences