https://sloap.org/journal/index.php/ijss <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>IJSS</strong> is published in English and it is open to authors around the world regardless of the nationality. The frequency or number of issues per year is continous.<br />ISSN 2632-9409</p> en-US <p>Articles published in the International Journal of Social Sciences (<strong>IJSS</strong>) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</a>). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant <strong>IJSS</strong> right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.</p> <p>Articles published in <strong>IJSS</strong> can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (<em>e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book</em>), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.</p> ijss@sloap.org (Tamar Shiukashvili) support@sloap.org (Vedran Vucic) Wed, 30 Sep 2026 00:00:00 +0000 OJS 3.2.1.1 http://blogs.law.harvard.edu/tech/rss 60 https://sloap.org/journal/index.php/ijss/article/view/2483 <p>This article analyzes the 2026 military escalation between the United States, Israel, and Iran, highlighting its severe consequences for the construction industry across the Middle East and Africa (MEA). Drawing lessons from five earlier conflicts—the 1991 Gulf War, the 2003 Iraq War, the Syrian civil war, the Russia–Ukraine war, and the 12?day US/Israel–Iran war of June 2025—the study contextualizes current destruction and explores reconstruction pathways. Using a qualitative, multi?case comparative approach, it synthesizes open?source intelligence, government reports, industry databases, and expert analyses to estimate reconstruction needs and identify success factors for post?conflict rebuilding.</p> <p>Findings show unprecedented damage to strategic assets in Iran and spillover effects across Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states and Jordan. Airports, desalination plants, power stations, and the Bushehr nuclear facility were destroyed, while energy infrastructure losses reduced revenues and raised reconstruction costs. Sectoral damage assessments suggest costs exceeding $600 billion over 15 years, consistent with IMF warnings of systemic shocks to energy markets and trade routes. Lessons from prior wars emphasize the need for stable security, integrated planning, innovative financing, and resilient infrastructure.</p> <p>Practical implications include risk management, supply chain diversification, workforce development, and embedding sustainability. International cooperation will be vital to mobilize finance and expertise. </p> Ken Charles Copyright (c) 2026 International journal of social sciences http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 https://sloap.org/journal/index.php/ijss/article/view/2483 Sat, 04 Jul 2026 00:00:00 +0000