https://sloap.org/journals/index.php/ijllc <p style="text-align: justify;"><strong>IJLLC&nbsp;</strong>is published in English and it is open to authors around the world regardless of the nationality. It is currently published six times a year, i.e. in&nbsp;<em>January, March, May, July, September,&nbsp;</em>and<em>&nbsp;November.&nbsp;</em></p> Scientific and Literature Open Access Publishing en-US International journal of linguistics, literature and culture 2455-8028 <p>Articles published in the International Journal of Linguistics, Literature and Culture (<strong>IJLLC</strong>) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0</a>). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant <strong>IJLLC&nbsp;</strong>right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.</p> <p>Articles published in <strong>IJLLC&nbsp;</strong>can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (<em>e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book</em>), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.</p> <p>This copyright notice applies to articles published in <strong>IJLLC&nbsp;</strong>volumes 6 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under&nbsp;<a href="https://sloap.org/journals/index.php/ijllc/history">Journal History</a>.</p> https://sloap.org/journals/index.php/ijllc/article/view/2620 <p>The Lontar Tutur Aji Saraswati is a sacred manuscript written in the Kawi-Balinese script and language, containing theological, philosophical, and spiritual teachings of the Balinese Hindu community. This manuscript does not merely outline the rituals for worshipping Goddess Saraswati on Saraswati Day; it also preserves profound concepts regarding the nature of God (Brahman/Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa), His manifestations within the Tri Murti, and the relationship between sacred syllables, the divine word (sabda), and the creation of the universe. This study aims to examine the theological concept of divinity contained in the Lontar Tutur Aji Saraswati using a qualitative approach involving textual hermeneutics and library research. Primary data consisting of the transliteration and translation of the Tutur Aji Saraswati text were analyzed alongside secondary data from various philological and Hindu theological studies. The findings indicate that the concept of divinity in this manuscript is characterized by transcendent-immanent monotheism (panentheism): The One God (Ekam Sat) exists as Nirguna Brahman (formless/attributeless) while simultaneously manifesting as Saguna Brahman (with attributes/form) through the Tri Murti (Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva) and other deities including Goddess Saraswati, who serves as the Shakti or manifestation of the widya (knowledge) aspect of God.&nbsp;</p> Ni Made Ramiati Ida Ayu Putu Bintang I Gusti Agung Istri Agung Copyright (c) 2025 International journal of linguistics, literature and culture http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2026-08-23 2026-08-23 12 5 62 68 10.21744/ijllc.v12n5.2620 https://sloap.org/journals/index.php/ijllc/article/view/2615 <p>Recent advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Deep Network (DN) enable natural language processing (NLP) has empowered Automated short Answer Grading (ASAG) models. Products are now more versatile across domain independent applications. The user however still sees them as operational black boxes and where specific fine tuning is not possible. Results, evaluated and compared over several standard metrics brings out the performance measures in clearly fathomable units. The word empowers technologically uninitiated users, mostly in evaluation to make an educated choice of the technical best suited for ASAG of a specific context based on pre-existing indicators like language ability and native language.</p> Sampa Das Copyright (c) 2025 International journal of linguistics, literature and culture http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2026-08-01 2026-08-01 12 5