The Phonology of Landawe Language

This study aims at investigating the phonology of Landawe Language. The data collecting was done by participant speaking and scrutinizing methods. It was analyzed using apportioned methods. Landawe language has 10 vowel sounds, but there are only five sounds proved as vowel phonemes, they are /i, a, e, o, u/. Besides, Landawe language has 18consonant sounds, they are:/b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /ŋ/, /m/, /n/, /s/, /h/, /l/, /r/, /c/ /y/, /j/, /w/, and /ʔ/. Those consonant sounds are proved as the phoneme. Based on the distribution of the consonant, there is not any consonant that places the final position. They just place the initial and the medial of the word, except /ʔ/ and /y/that only place the medial position, and /j/ that only place the initial position. It means that Landawe language is categorized as vocalist language.


Introduction
Language is one of the community signers that is very crucial because it constitutes a tool to know the change and to give a description of the activity in the past. In this case, languages in Southeast Sulawesi have become the most interesting object for the researchers since it is very unique and various. Moreover, there are some languages in Southeast Sulawesi that have not been investigated yet, mainly the phonology of Landawe language (LL) in North Konawe Regency.
Landawe language is one of the local languages in danger condition. Although there has not been any formal report about the condition, based on the writers' observation, the use of Landawe is decreasing, mainly at Oheo District. It is not only caused by the users or speakers of Landawe are just of view, but also the role of the language is very limited. Besides, there has not been any study about Landawe. Therefore, the effort of maintenance and development of Landawe language as one of the local languages and as one of the riches of Indonesia need to be conducted soon.
One of the maintenance and development of local languages is through documentation, mainly description of elements of the languages. Through documentation, the languages will not be lost and will be known by the people forever. The young generation of Landawe people can learn their language, mainly the structure or grammar of Landawe if it has been documented or booked.
Description of languages covers aspects of phonology, lexicon, morphology, and syntax, or even discourse. This study only focuses on the phonology of Landawe language. Odden (2005: 2) defines phonology as a study of the sound structure of a language. The phonology in this study includes the sounds (contoid and vocoid) of Landawe language, phoneme, and its distribution, and distinctive features of Landawe language. Description of the phonology of Landawe language can give more knowledge and information of Landawe language, so it can be known and learned by Landawe's people and others, and even it can be taught to all people (Alkapitani: 2017, Iriani: 2018. The description of language should be done through a study. Through the study, the language, mainly the phonology of Landawe language can be described completely and clearly. Therefore, this study investigated the phonology of Landawe, in which the data are obtained from the good native speakers of Landawe. Choosing good native speakers can help to get not only valid data but also complete and clear data. This study aims at identifying of sound, phoneme, distribution of phoneme, and characterization of the phoneme of Landawe language (LL) in distinctive features.

Theoretical Framework
The sound of language mainly divided into two parts, namely phone and phoneme (Lapoliwa. 1980: 1;Wijana, 2004: 129). The phone is studied in phonetics, while a phoneme is investigated in the phonemic study. There are several aspects that have the important role in creating language sound, namely air current, articulators, and articulation point. From those aspects, it will create either segmental sounds (vocoid and contoid) or suprasegmental sounds (stress, tone, long, and intonation). Suprasegmental sounds may be stress sound that is symbolized with [`] in the right above from the sound, and suprasegmental sound may be the long sound that often found on vowels that are symbolized with [:] in the right of the vowel sound.
Vocoid segmental sound created when the air current does not has articulation in the sound cannal, mainly in the mouth or oral cavity (Lapoliwa, 1988: 30). Marsono (2008: 27) states that phonetically vowel sound can be classified based on low and high of the tongue, tongue move, glottis condition, and lip form. While the contoid is created when there is an articulation of air current to speak tools. If the process of articulation has vibration on vocal cords, it is called as voiced consonants. But, If the process of articulation has not vibration on vocal cords, it is called voiceless consonants (Samsuri, 1991: 95). Contoid sound practically divided into (a) manner of articulation, (b) place of articulation, (c) the relationship between active and passive articulators, and (d) vibrate or not of vocal cords. Besides vowel and consonants sounds, there is semi-vowel sound, a sound categorized as contoid, but it does not form the completed or pure contoid in the articulation (Marsono, 2008: 18-19).

Materials and Methods
This study focuses on the phonology of Landawe language in North Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi. It is conducted in Oheo District. The instrument used in this study is 400 words. The words and phrases come from the question lists arranged by Lauder (1993:311-368), Bawa (1983), and Putra (2007), and then modified based on the characteristics of study object (Landawe). It is used for phonology analysis. Besides, this study also used the instrument of several questions of word forms and sentences for morphological and syntactical analysis. The data collecting was done by participant speaking and scrutinize methods (Sudaryanto, 1993:131;Mahsun, 1995: 94-101). Participant speaking method was realized by face speaking technique, which is coming to each research location and doing speaking based on the question lists provided. Scrutinize method was done by using noting and recording technique. The collected data was then tabulated and analyzed based on the sequences of these study objectives. It was analyzed synchronically using apportion method (Sudaryanto, 1993:21-30, Haswadi: 2018.

Results and Discussions
The discussion of this research covers:(1) identifying of sound, (2) identifying of phoneme, (3) distribution of phoneme, and (4) characterization of the phoneme of Landawe language (LL) in distinctive features. The four aspects are described below.

Identifying of Sound
The sound occurs when the air is pumped from the lungs through the trachea to the larynx with vocal cords in it. The sound of language occurs if the vocal cords are opened to permit the air current go out through the mouth cavity, oral cavity, or both.

a) Vowel Segmental Sound (Vocoid)
Based on data analysis result collected in the field and compared to previous studies, Landawe language has 10vowel sounds (vocoid)  31 The mark (:) after vowel sound shows as long sound. The realization of the long sound on Landaweis not phoneme, instead of phonetics only. In communication, the short and long sound pronounced by the speaker does not disturb or influence the meaning or understanding of utterances. It seems to as idiolect collective at the place that causes of the stressor maintenance of vowel tempo when pronounced. So, it creates the long vowel sound.
Those vowel sounds (vocoid) of LL [i, i: a, a: u, u: o,o:, ɔ:,e, and e: can be described in table 1 below.
The classification of the consonant segmental sound of LLbased on the place of articulation, the manner of articulation, the relationship between active and passive articulators, and vibrate or not of vocal cords can be seen in the table2 below.

Identifying of Phonemes
There is a test that will establish the number of phonemes in Landawe language and reveal whether two phones belong to the same phoneme or to different phonemes. It is called minimal pairs.

Distribution of Phoneme
Distribution of phoneme can is divided into (1) distribution of vowel phoneme, and (2) distribution of consonant phoneme. Those distributions are described below.

a) Distribution of Vowel Phoneme
Basically, the finding of phoneme also can be done by the use of phonemes in the initial, medial, and final of the word, as in the examples below. Based on the data above, the identical vowel sequences ofLandawelanguage are /aa/, /ii/, /uu/, /ee/, and /oo/.

b) Distribution of Consonant Phoneme and Cluster
Those consonants of Landawe has only in the initial and media distribution, so it is called as vocalist language. The distribution of consonant phonemes and cluster of Landawe language can be seen in table 6 below. Based on the examples above, the consonants of Landawe has only in the initial and medial distribution, except the phonemes/ʔ/ and /y/that only existed in the medial position, and the phoneme /j/that only existed in the initial position. While in the final position only placed by vowels. It means that Landawe is vocalist language. Based on data analysis can be concluded that the first element of consonant sequence sounds (cluster) are always nasal and followed by voiced or voiceless plosive, except / n s/that is followed by a fricative. In other words, all clusters are in prenasalized combination in the initial and medial position.

Characterization of LL Segment with Distinctive Features
Characterization of segment in LL based on distinctive features are divided into six parts, they are:(1) the features of main group, (2) the features of place of articulation, (3) the features of manner of articulation, (4) the features of tongue blade, (5) the additional features, and(6) the features of prosody (Schane, 1992(Schane, :2834

Conclusion
Based on the result of this study, it can be concluded as follow: a) Landawe language has 10 vowel sounds are[i, i: a, a: u, u: o,o: e, and e]:From those vowel sounds, only five sounds proved as vowel phonemes are /i, a, e, o, u/, while vowel sounds with long tone (a:, i:, u:, e:, and o:) are also allophones. Based on the distribution, those five vowels have completed distribution, it can place in the initial, medial, and in the final position. b) Landawelanguage has 18 consonant sounds: /b/, /p/, /d/, /t/, /g/, /k/, /ŋ/, /m/, /n/, /s/, /h/, /l/, /r/, /c/ /y/, /j/, /w/, and /ʔ/.. All consonant sounds can be proved as phoneme. Besides, it has clusters/ m b/, / m p/, / n d/, / n t/, / n s/, / ŋ g/, / ŋ k, / n c/, and /nk/.Based on the distribution, there is not any consonant that place the final position. They just place the initial and the medial of word, except /ʔ/ and /y/that only place the medialposition, and /j/ that only