Economic crises and the reform programs

Will the IMF assistance rescue Lebanon?

https://doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v9n2.2066

Authors

  • Nermeen Ishker Economics Department, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon
  • Jamile Youssef Economics Department, Beirut Arab University, Lebanon

Keywords:

economic downturn, expectation, financial crises, IMF, Lebanon, reform programs

Abstract

Lebanon has been passing through considerable difficulties as a result of compounded economic and financial degradation. Therefore, a comprehensive adjustment program is necessary. The aim of this research is to describe different reform plans applied by countries that have undergone economic and financial crises. More particularly, it discusses nations that implemented the International Monetary Fund reform programs; the purpose, plan, requirements and policies of the program are also identified. Furthermore, this paper highlights the reasons behind the success or failure of a nation in implementing a development program to anticipate whether an agreement with the IMF will be the solution for the Lebanese case.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Abdelnour, Z. (2001). The three faces of corruption in Lebanon. Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, 3(2).

Abdo, N., Abed, D., Ayoub, B., & Aouad, N. (2020). The IMF and Lebanon: The long road ahead–An assessment of how Lebanon’s economy may be stabilized while battling a triple crisis and recovering from a deadly blast.

Albitar, R. (2021). Lebanon and the International Monetary Fund bailout.

Alogoskoufis, G. (2012). Greece’s sovereign debt crisis: Retrospect and prospect. GreeSE Paper No. 54 Hellenic Observatory Papers on Greece and Southeast Europe, London School of Economics. London School of Economics. Available at www2. lse. ac. uk/europeanInstitute/research/…/GreeSE-No54. pdf (accessed 9 April 2012).

Awan, A. G., & Hussain, R. (2021). Role of IMF Programs in stabilization of Pakistan’s economy. Global Journal of Management, Social Sciences and Humanities, 7(2).

Banque Du Liban (2022). Statistics and Research. Public debt- Foreign currency debt.

Barra Novoa, R. (2021). The new economy in times of crisis. International Journal of Business, Economics & Management, 4(1), 149-156. https://doi.org/10.31295/ijbem.v4n1.1350

Barro, R. J., & Lee, J. W. (2005). IMF programs: Who is chosen and what are the effects?. Journal of monetary Economics, 52(7), 1245-1269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2005.04.003

Bisat, A., Cassard, M., & Diwan, I. (2020). A Grave Crisis, With No Silver Bullet. Carnegie Middle East Center, May.

Bussiere, M., & Fratzscher, M. (2006). Towards a new early warning system of financial crises. journal of International Money and Finance, 25(6), 953-973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jimonfin.2006.07.007

Bustelo, P., García, C., & Olivié, I. (1999). Global and domestic factors of financial crisis in emerging economies: Lessons from the East Asian episodes (1997-1999).

Central Administration of Statistics. (2022). Economic Statistics. Consumer Price Index CPI.

Chadhiq, U., & Yusroni, N. (2021). Building a company’s positional advantage based on CRM capabilities and marketing intelligence towards marketing performance. International Journal of Business, Economics & Management, 4(3), 469-476. https://doi.org/10.31295/ijbem.v4n3.1765

Coull, J. T., & Nobre, A. C. (2008). Dissociating explicit timing from temporal expectation with fMRI. Current opinion in neurobiology, 18(2), 137-144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2008.07.011

CRS Report. (2000). Brazil's Economic Reform and the Global Financial Crisis, Received through the CRS.

Dagher, L., & Yacoubian, T. (2012). The causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Lebanon. Energy policy, 50, 795-801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.08.034

Dornbusch, R. (2001). Malaysia: Was it different?.

Easterly, W. (2001). The political economy of growth without development: A case study of Pakistan. Paper for the Analytical Narratives of Growth Project, Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 1-53.

Ebrahimi, F. (1996). Structural adjustment in Jordan. Operations Evaluation Department, OED Precis, World Bank, Washington, DC.

El Dahran, M., & Bassam, L. (2021). Lebanon eyes IMF progress despite new turmoil - economy minister. Reuters.

European Commission, Directorate General for Economic and Financial Affairs (2012). The Second Economic Adjustment Programme for Greece; Occasional Papers, 94.

European Commission, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs (2010). The economic adjustment programme for Greece (Occasional Papers 61).

European Commission, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs (2015). Memorandum of understanding between the European commission (acting on behalf of the European stability mechanism) and the Hellenic Republic and the bank of Greece.

Fujihara, N., Lark, M. E., Fujihara, Y., & Chung, K. C. (2017). The effect of economic downturn on the volume of surgical procedures: a systematic review. International Journal of Surgery, 44, 56-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2017.06.036

Gibson, H. D., Hall, S. G., & Tavlas, G. S. (2012). The Greek financial crisis: Growing imbalances and sovereign spreads. Journal of International Money and Finance, 31(3), 498-516.

Hakro, N. A., & Ahmed, W. W. (2006). IMF Stabilization Programs, Policy Conduct and Macroeconomic Outcomes: A Case Study of Pakistan. Lahore Journal of Economics, 11(1).

Harrigan, J., El-Said, H., & Wang, C. (2006). The IMF and the World Bank in Jordan: A case of over optimism and elusive growth. The review of international organizations, 1(3), 263-292.

Husain, I. (2005, February). Economy of Pakistan: an overview. In Key Note Address at the Expo 2005 Conference held at Karachi on February (Vol. 3, p. 2005).

International monetary Fund. (1947). International Monetary Fund Annual Report 1947. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund.

International Monetary Fund. (1999). World Economic Outlook: International Financial Contagion. International Monetary Fund.

International monetary Fund. (2003). The IMF and Recent Capital Account Crises: Indonesia, Korea and Brazil. Report by the Independent Evaluation Office.

International Monetary Fund. (2019). Lebanon: 2019 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; Staff Report; Informational Annex; and Statement by the Executive Director for Lebanon.

International Monetary Fund. (2022). IMF Datamapper. Real GDP growth.

International Monetary Fund. (2022). Lebanon and the IMF.

Isran, M. A., & Isran, S. (2014). Economics of Austerity and Its Social Cost: A Critical Assessment of IMF Policies in Pakistan from 1988-2002. Journal of Independent Studies & Research: Management & Social Sciences & Economics, 12(1).

Isran, M. A., Isran, S., & Phulpoto, N. N. (2013). Failure of IMF Programmes: Causes and Consequences. Journal of Business Strategies, 7(1), 77.

Jaradat, H. (2010, October). Jordan’s economy crisis, Challenges & measures. In 3rd Annual Meeting of Middle East and North African senior budget officials (MENA-SBO) (Vol. 31, pp. 1-17).

Johnson, S., Boone, P., Breach, A., & Friedman, E. (2000). Corporate governance in the Asian financial crisis. Journal of financial Economics, 58(1-2), 141-186.

Levy, R. (2008). Expectation-based syntactic comprehension. Cognition, 106(3), 1126-1177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2007.05.006

Liargovas, P., & Psychalis, M. (2019). Do economic adjustment programmes set conflicting objectives? The case of Greece. Theoretical Economics Letters, 9(8), 3065-3087.

Lim, M. H., & Goh, S. K. (2012). How Malaysia weathered the financial crisis: Policies and possible lessons. How to Prevent the Next Crisis: Lessons from Country Experiences of The Global Financial Crisis. North-South Institute/L’Institut Nord-Sud, 26(9), 73-93.

LiraRate. (2022). Dollar to Lebanese Lira Today.

Machado, J. T., & Mata, M. E. (2015). Pseudo phase plane and fractional calculus modeling of western global economic downturn. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation, 22(1-3), 396-406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnsns.2014.08.032

Mavridakis, T., Dovas, D., & Bravou, S. (2018). Failure factors of the economic adjustment programme for Greece. In Economy, Finance and Business in Southeastern and Central Europe (pp. 143-157). Springer, Cham.

Meesook, K., Lee, H., Liu, O., Khatri, Y., Tamirisa, N., Moore, M., & Krysl, M. H. (2001). Malaysia: From crisis to recovery. IMF Occasional Papers, (207), 1-99.

Ministry of Finance. (2020). Economic Data and Statistics.

Ministry of Finance. (2021). Statement by the Ministry of Finance of Lebanon regarding the country’s re-engagement with the International Monetary Fund and public debt restructuring strategy – for immediate release.

Oguri, J. (2020), Part I of Crisis in Lebanon: Economic “Free Fall,” IMF Negotiations, and Beirut Explosion,

Otsuka, K. (2007). Efficiency and equity effects of land markets. Handbook of agricultural economics, 3, 2671-2703. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1574-0072(06)03051-9

Peabody, J. W. (1996). Economic reform and health sector policy: lessons from structural adjustment programs. Social science & medicine, 43(5), 823-835. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(96)00127-X

Revuelta López, J. (2021). The Effects of the Economic Adjustment Programmes for Greece: A Quasi-Experimental Approach.

Staff, I. M. F. (2000). Recovery from the Asian Crisis and the Role of the IMF. International Monetary Fund.

Ter-Minassian, T. (2012). Structural Reforms in Brazil.

Thakor, A. V. (2012). Incentives to innovate and financial crises. Journal of Financial Economics, 103(1), 130-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2011.03.026

U.S. Department of the Treasury. (2020). Treasury Targets Corruption In Lebanon.

World Bank Group. (2021). Lebanon Economic Monitor. Lebanon Sinking (To the Top 3).

Young, W., Stebbins, D., Frederick, B. A., & Al-Shahery, O. (2014). Spillover from the conflict in Syria: an assessment of the factors that aid and impede the spread of violence. Rand Corporation.

Published

2022-03-09

How to Cite

Ishker, N., & Youssef, J. (2022). Economic crises and the reform programs: Will the IMF assistance rescue Lebanon?. International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social Sciences, 9(2), 281–293. https://doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v9n2.2066

Issue

Section

Peer Review Articles