International research journal of management, IT and social sciences

THE Impact of Direct and Indirect Compensation on Employee Commitment: Evidence from Kena Woreda Health Organizations, Ethiopia

2026-05-03T09:02:35+00:00

This study investigated the impact of direct and indirect compensation on employee commitment in Kena Woreda Health Organizations, Ethiopia. Grounded in Adams’ Equity Theory (1963), the research explored how perceptions of fairness and equity in rewards influence organizational loyalty. A cross-sectional research design was employed, utilizing a structured Likert-scale questionnaire to collect data from a sample of 128 employees selected via stratified random sampling, achieving a 96.09% response rate. Data analysis was conducted using SPSS version 25, utilizing Pearson Product Moment Correlation, regression analysis, and MANOVA tests. The findings revealed that the interaction of both direct and indirect compensation significantly influences combined employee commitment, with regression analysis showing a 28.4% and 17.9% significant positive relationship for each, respectively. Notably, their interaction yielded a stronger 36.1% positive relationship. However, MANOVA results indicated that direct compensation only significantly affected affective commitment, while continuance and normative commitments remained insignificant when tested separately against both compensation types. Consequently, the researcher recommends that organizations develop transparent, well-formulated compensation plans. Clearly communicating these policies to all staff is essential for ensuring a clear understanding of the system, ultimately fostering a more committed healthcare workforce.

Dr Outsourcing Relationships: Strategies, Challenges, and Best Practices

2026-05-06T10:26:28+00:00

This study examines the transformation of outsourcing from a peripheral cost-saving measure into a strategic function within non-profit and public sector operations. Using United Nations (UN) peacekeeping missions as a high-stakes case, it addresses persistent gaps in governance, performance measurement, and risk management. A mixed-methods design integrates Transaction Cost Economics, the Resource-Based View, and Relational View Theory with empirical evidence drawn from 1,200 UN procurement contracts (2015–2023), thematic analysis of 12 mission reports, and 35 interviews with procurement officers in Mali, South Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of Congo. A comparative case study of six logistics vendors within the MINUSCA mission in the CAR further grounds the analysis.

Findings reveal that structured outsourcing models reduce costs by 18–32%, performance scorecards raise service-level agreement compliance by 25%, and dynamic risk tools cut supply chain disruptions by 40% in conflict zones. Blockchain-enabled contract transparency shortens payment delays by 35%, strengthening operational trust.

Practically, the research delivers a unified outsourcing scorecard for non-profits, standardised ethical contract templates, AI-driven vendor assessment tools, and frameworks that align fiscal efficiency with humanitarian mandates. These contributions advance both scholarly understanding and practitioner capacity in volatile environments.

Keywords: Strategic outsourcing, procurement, governance, risk, UN peacekeeping, blockchain, humanitarian logistics

Governing the Adaptive Organism - A Framework for Human-AI Symbiosis in Anticipatory Project Management

2026-05-10T10:11:03+00:00

Abstract

Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping project management, yet governance frameworks lag behind the shift from tool-based automation to human-AI symbiosis. This article synthesises literature across four domains; AI in project management, human-AI collaboration, anticipatory governance, and complexity theory, to propose the Adaptive Organism Governance (AOG) Framework. The framework reconceptualises the project organisation as a complex adaptive system with four dimensions: Cognitive Augmentation, Collaborative Intelligence, Anticipatory Sensing, and Complexity Absorption. These are operationalised through six governance principles: subsidiarity, transparency, adaptability, resilience, human-centricity, and continuous learning. By shifting focus from controlling machines to cultivating symbiotic ecosystems, the AOG Framework offers a pathway for anticipatory, adaptive, and resilient project delivery. This conceptual paper advances theory by unifying fragmented domains into a governance model that addresses the “absorption gap” between technological capability and organisational readiness, positioning human-AI symbiosis as a cornerstone of future project management.

Keywords: Project Management; Artificial Intelligence; Human-AI Symbiosis; Anticipatory Governance; Complexity Theory

Highlights

Introduces the AOG Framework as a governance model for human-AI symbiosis.
Synthesises four domains into a unified conceptual framework.
Addresses the absorption gap between technology and organisational readiness.