Menopausal symptoms in women aged 40-65 years in Indonesia
Keywords:
both somatic, menopausal symptoms, menopause, MRS, psychological, urogenital symptomsAbstract
This study aims to determine the prevalence of menopausal symptoms and the factors that influence it in women aged 40-65 years in Denpasar, Indonesia. The research design used is a cross-sectional study conducted on 318 women aged 40-65 years who live in the area of community health centre in Denpasar City, Indonesia. The Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW+10) was used to classify pre, peri and post menopause. The instrument used is a self-designed instrument to determine the respondent's characteristics such as age, number of children, age at menarche, occupation, marital status, education, exercise habits, coffee drinking habits and history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. know menopausal symptoms. Logistic regression was used to determine risk factors for severe menopausal symptoms. The most common symptoms felt by the respondents in this study were joint and muscle discomfort (52.8%) and sleep problems (51.8%). Only 32.1% of women experienced hot flushes and night sweats symptoms of moderate and severe severity. Age at menarche, history of chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus are risk factors for severe menopausal symptoms. Most women when entering menopause complain of more than one menopause symptom, both somatic, psychological and urogenital symptoms.
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References
Al-Azzawi, F., & Palacios, S. (2009). Hormonal changes during menopause. Maturitas, 63(2), 135-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.03.009
Al-Safi, Z. A., & Santoro, N. (2014). Menopausal hormone therapy and menopausal symptoms. Fertility and sterility, 101(4), 905-915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.02.032
Anderson, D., Yoshizawa, T., Gollschewski, S., Atogami, F., & Courtney, M. (2004). Menopause in Australia and Japan: effects of country of residence on menopausal status and menopausal symptoms. Climacteric, 7(2), 165-174.
Brown, D. E., Sievert, L. L., Morrison, L. A., Reza, A. M., & Mills, P. S. (2009). Do Japanese American women really have fewer hot flashes than European Americans? The hilo women's health study. Menopause (New York, NY), 16(5), 870.
Chim, H., Tan, B. H. I., Ang, C. C., Chew, E. M. D., Chong, Y. S., & Saw, S. M. (2002). The prevalence of menopausal symptoms in a community in Singapore. Maturitas, 41(4), 275-282.
Deeks, A. A. (2003). Psychological aspects of menopause management. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 17(1), 17-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1521-690X(02)00077-5
Eden, J. A. (2012). Phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: a review. Maturitas, 72(2), 157-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.03.006
Essa, R. M., & Mahmoud, N. M. (2018). Factors associated with the severity of menopausal symptoms among menopausal women. menopause, 2, 3.
Freeman, D. (2007). Suspicious minds: the psychology of persecutory delusions. Clinical psychology review, 27(4), 425-457.
Freeman, E. W., & Sherif, K. (2007). Prevalence of hot flushes and night sweats around the world: a systematic review. Climacteric, 10(3), 197-214.Freeman, E. W., Sammel, M. D., Lin, H., Gracia, C. R., Pien, G. W., Nelson, D. B., & Sheng, L. (2007). Symptoms associated with menopausal transition and reproductive hormones in midlife women. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 110(2 Part 1), 230-240.
Gharaibeh, M., Al-Obeisat, S., & Hattab, J. (2010). Severity of menopausal symptoms of Jordanian women. Climacteric, 13(4), 385-394.
Gjelsvik, B., Rosvold, E. O., Straand, J., Dalen, I., & Hunskaar, S. (2011). Symptom prevalence during menopause and factors associated with symptoms and menopausal age. Results from the Norwegian Hordaland Women's Cohort study. Maturitas, 70(4), 383-390.
Glaser, R., York, A. E., & Dimitrakakis, C. (2011). Beneficial effects of testosterone therapy in women measured by the validated Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Maturitas, 68(4), 355-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.12.001
Gold, E. B., Sternfeld, B., Kelsey, J. L., Brown, C., Mouton, C., Reame, N., ... & Stellato, R. (2000). Relation of demographic and lifestyle factors to symptoms in a multi-racial/ethnic population of women 40–55 years of age. American journal of epidemiology, 152(5), 463-473.
Hanson, V. F., Pitre, S., & Kumardhas, V. (2022). Menopause is a natural stage: Prevalence and experience of menopause symptoms among university faculty members in Rakmhsu and India. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S3), 3187–3197. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS3.6326
Harlow, S. D., Gass, M., Hall, J. E., Lobo, R., Maki, P., Rebar, R. W., ... & STRAW+ 10 Collaborative Group. (2012). Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop+ 10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 97(4), 1159-1168.
Heinemann, L. A., DoMinh, T., Strelow, F., Gerbsch, S., Schnitker, J., & Schneider, H. P. (2004). The Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) as outcome measure for hormone treatment? A validation study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 2(1), 1-7.
Kasuga, M., Makita, K., Ishitani, K., Takamatsu, K., Watanabe, K., Plotnikoff, G. A., ... & Nozawa, S. (2004). Relation between climacteric symptoms and ovarian hypofunction in middle-aged and older Japanese women. Menopause, 11(6 Part 1 of 2), 631-638.
Krieger, J. N., Egan, K. J., Ross, S. O., Jacobs, R., & Berger, R. E. (1996). Chronic pelvic pains represent the most prominent urogenital symptoms of “chronic prostatitis”. Urology, 48(5), 715-722. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(96)00421-9
Lachowsky, M., & Nappi, R. E. (2009). The effects of oestrogen on urogenital health. Maturitas, 63(2), 149-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.03.012
Li, L., Wu, J., Pu, D., Zhao, Y., Wan, C., Sun, L., ... & Zhang, M. (2012). Factors associated with the age of natural menopause and menopausal symptoms in Chinese women. Maturitas, 73(4), 354-360.
Mahadeen, A. I., Halabi, J. O., & Callister, L. C. (2008). Menopause: a qualitative study of Jordanian women's perceptions. International nursing review, 55(4), 427-433.
McMaster, J., Pitts, M., & Poyah, G. (1998). The menopausal experiences of women in a developing country:“there is a time for everything: to be a teenager, a mother and a granny”. Women & health, 26(4), 1-13.
Melby, M. K., Lock, M., & Kaufert, P. (2005). Culture and symptom reporting at menopause. Human reproduction update, 11(5), 495-512.
Melby, S. J., Zierer, A., Kaiser, S. P., Guthrie, T. J., Keune, J. D., Schuessler, R. B., ... & Damiano Jr, R. J. (2007). Aortic valve replacement in octogenarians: risk factors for early and late mortality. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 83(5), 1651-1657.
Metintas, S. E. L. M. A., Arýkan, I., Kalyoncu, C., & Ozalp, S. (2010). Menopause Rating Scale as a screening tool in rural Turkey. Rural and remote health, 10(1), 27-37.
Moreau, K. L., Hildreth, K. L., Meditz, A. L., Deane, K. D., & Kohrt, W. M. (2012). Endothelial function is impaired across the stages of the menopause transition in healthy women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 97(12), 4692-4700.
Nappi, R. E., & Lachowsky, M. (2009). Menopause and sexuality: prevalence of symptoms and impact on quality of life. Maturitas, 63(2), 138-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.03.021
Nappi, R. E., & Nijland, E. A. (2008). Women's perception of sexuality around the menopause: outcomes of a European telephone survey. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 137(1), 10-16.
Oskay, U. Y., Beji, N. K., & Yalcin, O. (2005). A study on urogenital complaints of postmenopausal women aged 50 and over. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 84(1), 72-78.
Palacios, S., Henderson, V. W., Siseles, N., Tan, D., & Villaseca, P. (2010). Age of menopause and impact of climacteric symptoms by geographical region. Climacteric, 13(5), 419-428.
Pastore, L. M., Carter, R. A., Hulka, B. S., & Wells, E. (2004). Self-reported urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal women: Women’s Health Initiative. Maturitas, 49(4), 292-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2004.06.019
Pimenta, F., Leal, I., Maroco, J., & Ramos, C. (2012). Menopausal symptoms: do life events predict severity of symptoms in peri-and post-menopause?. Maturitas, 72(4), 324-331.
Ruchi, G., Madhu, R., Pratik, C., Shaleen, K., Prince, S., & Rishi, T. (2022). Evaluation and comparison of oral & periodontal health status in post-menopausal females with and without xerostomia: An observational study. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S2), 8241–8249. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS2.7095
Sturdee, D. W., & Panay, N. A. (2010). Recommendations for the management of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy. Climacteric, 13(6), 509-522.
Süss, H., & Ehlert, U. (2020). Psychological resilience during the perimenopause. Maturitas, 131, 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.10.015
Tan, M. N., Kartal, M., & Guldal, D. (2014). The effect of physical activity and body mass index on menopausal symptoms in Turkish women: a cross-sectional study in primary care. BMC women's health, 14(1), 1-9.
Thakur, M., Kaur, M., & Sinha, A. K. (2019). Assessment of menopausal symptoms in different transition phases using the Greene Climacteric Scale among rural women of North India. Annals of Human Biology, 46(1), 46-55.
Yang, D., Haines, C. J., Pan, P., Zhang, Q., Sun, Y., Hong, S., ... & Liao, W. (2008). Menopausal symptoms in mid-life women in southern China. Climacteric, 11(4), 329-336.
Yohanis, M. (2013). Women in the rural areas experience more severe menopause symptoms. Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 86-91.
Zhang, L., Ruan, X., Cui, Y., Gu, M., & Mueck, A. O. (2020). Menopausal symptoms and associated social and environmental factors in midlife Chinese women. Clinical interventions in aging, 15, 2195.
Al-Azzawi, F., & Palacios, S. (2009). Hormonal changes during menopause. Maturitas, 63(2), 135-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.03.009
Al-Safi, Z. A., & Santoro, N. (2014). Menopausal hormone therapy and menopausal symptoms. Fertility and sterility, 101(4), 905-915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.02.032
Anderson, D., Yoshizawa, T., Gollschewski, S., Atogami, F., & Courtney, M. (2004). Menopause in Australia and Japan: effects of country of residence on menopausal status and menopausal symptoms. Climacteric, 7(2), 165-174.
Brown, D. E., Sievert, L. L., Morrison, L. A., Reza, A. M., & Mills, P. S. (2009). Do Japanese American women really have fewer hot flashes than European Americans? The hilo women's health study. Menopause (New York, NY), 16(5), 870.
Chim, H., Tan, B. H. I., Ang, C. C., Chew, E. M. D., Chong, Y. S., & Saw, S. M. (2002). The prevalence of menopausal symptoms in a community in Singapore. Maturitas, 41(4), 275-282.
Deeks, A. A. (2003). Psychological aspects of menopause management. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 17(1), 17-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1521-690X(02)00077-5
Eden, J. A. (2012). Phytoestrogens for menopausal symptoms: a review. Maturitas, 72(2), 157-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.03.006
Essa, R. M., & Mahmoud, N. M. (2018). Factors associated with the severity of menopausal symptoms among menopausal women. menopause, 2, 3.
Freeman, D. (2007). Suspicious minds: the psychology of persecutory delusions. Clinical psychology review, 27(4), 425-457.
Freeman, E. W., & Sherif, K. (2007). Prevalence of hot flushes and night sweats around the world: a systematic review. Climacteric, 10(3), 197-214.Freeman, E. W., Sammel, M. D., Lin, H., Gracia, C. R., Pien, G. W., Nelson, D. B., & Sheng, L. (2007). Symptoms associated with menopausal transition and reproductive hormones in midlife women. Obstetrics & Gynecology, 110(2 Part 1), 230-240.
Gharaibeh, M., Al-Obeisat, S., & Hattab, J. (2010). Severity of menopausal symptoms of Jordanian women. Climacteric, 13(4), 385-394.
Gjelsvik, B., Rosvold, E. O., Straand, J., Dalen, I., & Hunskaar, S. (2011). Symptom prevalence during menopause and factors associated with symptoms and menopausal age. Results from the Norwegian Hordaland Women's Cohort study. Maturitas, 70(4), 383-390.
Glaser, R., York, A. E., & Dimitrakakis, C. (2011). Beneficial effects of testosterone therapy in women measured by the validated Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). Maturitas, 68(4), 355-361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.12.001
Gold, E. B., Sternfeld, B., Kelsey, J. L., Brown, C., Mouton, C., Reame, N., ... & Stellato, R. (2000). Relation of demographic and lifestyle factors to symptoms in a multi-racial/ethnic population of women 40–55 years of age. American journal of epidemiology, 152(5), 463-473.
Hanson, V. F., Pitre, S., & Kumardhas, V. (2022). Menopause is a natural stage: Prevalence and experience of menopause symptoms among university faculty members in Rakmhsu and India. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S3), 3187–3197. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS3.6326
Harlow, S. D., Gass, M., Hall, J. E., Lobo, R., Maki, P., Rebar, R. W., ... & STRAW+ 10 Collaborative Group. (2012). Executive summary of the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop+ 10: addressing the unfinished agenda of staging reproductive aging. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 97(4), 1159-1168.
Heinemann, L. A., DoMinh, T., Strelow, F., Gerbsch, S., Schnitker, J., & Schneider, H. P. (2004). The Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) as outcome measure for hormone treatment? A validation study. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 2(1), 1-7.
Kasuga, M., Makita, K., Ishitani, K., Takamatsu, K., Watanabe, K., Plotnikoff, G. A., ... & Nozawa, S. (2004). Relation between climacteric symptoms and ovarian hypofunction in middle-aged and older Japanese women. Menopause, 11(6 Part 1 of 2), 631-638.
Krieger, J. N., Egan, K. J., Ross, S. O., Jacobs, R., & Berger, R. E. (1996). Chronic pelvic pains represent the most prominent urogenital symptoms of “chronic prostatitis”. Urology, 48(5), 715-722. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0090-4295(96)00421-9
Lachowsky, M., & Nappi, R. E. (2009). The effects of oestrogen on urogenital health. Maturitas, 63(2), 149-151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.03.012
Li, L., Wu, J., Pu, D., Zhao, Y., Wan, C., Sun, L., ... & Zhang, M. (2012). Factors associated with the age of natural menopause and menopausal symptoms in Chinese women. Maturitas, 73(4), 354-360.
Mahadeen, A. I., Halabi, J. O., & Callister, L. C. (2008). Menopause: a qualitative study of Jordanian women's perceptions. International nursing review, 55(4), 427-433.
McMaster, J., Pitts, M., & Poyah, G. (1998). The menopausal experiences of women in a developing country:“there is a time for everything: to be a teenager, a mother and a granny”. Women & health, 26(4), 1-13.
Melby, M. K., Lock, M., & Kaufert, P. (2005). Culture and symptom reporting at menopause. Human reproduction update, 11(5), 495-512.
Melby, S. J., Zierer, A., Kaiser, S. P., Guthrie, T. J., Keune, J. D., Schuessler, R. B., ... & Damiano Jr, R. J. (2007). Aortic valve replacement in octogenarians: risk factors for early and late mortality. The Annals of thoracic surgery, 83(5), 1651-1657.
Metintas, S. E. L. M. A., Arýkan, I., Kalyoncu, C., & Ozalp, S. (2010). Menopause Rating Scale as a screening tool in rural Turkey. Rural and remote health, 10(1), 27-37.
Moreau, K. L., Hildreth, K. L., Meditz, A. L., Deane, K. D., & Kohrt, W. M. (2012). Endothelial function is impaired across the stages of the menopause transition in healthy women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 97(12), 4692-4700.
Nappi, R. E., & Lachowsky, M. (2009). Menopause and sexuality: prevalence of symptoms and impact on quality of life. Maturitas, 63(2), 138-141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2009.03.021
Nappi, R. E., & Nijland, E. A. (2008). Women's perception of sexuality around the menopause: outcomes of a European telephone survey. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 137(1), 10-16.
Oskay, U. Y., Beji, N. K., & Yalcin, O. (2005). A study on urogenital complaints of postmenopausal women aged 50 and over. Acta obstetricia et gynecologica Scandinavica, 84(1), 72-78.
Palacios, S., Henderson, V. W., Siseles, N., Tan, D., & Villaseca, P. (2010). Age of menopause and impact of climacteric symptoms by geographical region. Climacteric, 13(5), 419-428.
Pastore, L. M., Carter, R. A., Hulka, B. S., & Wells, E. (2004). Self-reported urogenital symptoms in postmenopausal women: Women’s Health Initiative. Maturitas, 49(4), 292-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2004.06.019
Pimenta, F., Leal, I., Maroco, J., & Ramos, C. (2012). Menopausal symptoms: do life events predict severity of symptoms in peri-and post-menopause?. Maturitas, 72(4), 324-331.
Ruchi, G., Madhu, R., Pratik, C., Shaleen, K., Prince, S., & Rishi, T. (2022). Evaluation and comparison of oral & periodontal health status in post-menopausal females with and without xerostomia: An observational study. International Journal of Health Sciences, 6(S2), 8241–8249. https://doi.org/10.53730/ijhs.v6nS2.7095
Sturdee, D. W., & Panay, N. A. (2010). Recommendations for the management of postmenopausal vaginal atrophy. Climacteric, 13(6), 509-522.
Süss, H., & Ehlert, U. (2020). Psychological resilience during the perimenopause. Maturitas, 131, 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.10.015
Tan, M. N., Kartal, M., & Guldal, D. (2014). The effect of physical activity and body mass index on menopausal symptoms in Turkish women: a cross-sectional study in primary care. BMC women's health, 14(1), 1-9.
Thakur, M., Kaur, M., & Sinha, A. K. (2019). Assessment of menopausal symptoms in different transition phases using the Greene Climacteric Scale among rural women of North India. Annals of Human Biology, 46(1), 46-55.
Yang, D., Haines, C. J., Pan, P., Zhang, Q., Sun, Y., Hong, S., ... & Liao, W. (2008). Menopausal symptoms in mid-life women in southern China. Climacteric, 11(4), 329-336.
Yohanis, M. (2013). Women in the rural areas experience more severe menopause symptoms. Indonesian Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 86-91.
Zhang, L., Ruan, X., Cui, Y., Gu, M., & Mueck, A. O. (2020). Menopausal symptoms and associated social and environmental factors in midlife Chinese women. Clinical interventions in aging, 15, 2195.
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