The effect of ethical leadership and perceived organizational support on job satisfaction mediated by psychological empowerment
Keywords:
ethical leadership, job satisfaction, perceived organizational support, psychological empowerment, social exchange theoryAbstract
Nurses are the largest representative of the health worker population in Indonesia, who play an important role in patient care, health, and safety. However, nursing is a field of work with a high level of stress and can trigger a decrease in job satisfaction. This also happened at Ari Canti Hospital in Gianyar Regency, Bali Province-Indonesia. The results of the Employee Satisfaction Survey in 2023 showed that 489 respondents had a job satisfaction level of 66.5%, and the nursing unit had the lowest satisfaction level among other units. This hospital has not met the level of employee job satisfaction that must be achieved, which is a minimum of 80% based on the requirements of the Hospital Accreditation Standards. This study aims to analyze the effect of ethical leadership and perceived organizational support on nurse job satisfaction with psychological empowerment as a mediating variable. Based on the Social Exchange Theory, the reciprocal relationship between nurses, superiors, and organizations plays an important role in creating job satisfaction. This study was conducted at Ari Canti Hospital with a sample of 154 nurses. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with the Partial Least Squares approach.
Downloads
References
Ahmad, I., & Umrani, W. A. (2019). The impact of ethical leadership style on job satisfaction: Mediating role of perception of Green HRM and psychological safety. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 40(5), 534-547.
Ahmad, M. S., Barattucci, M., Ramayah, T., Ramaci, T., & Khalid, N. (2022). Organizational support and perceived environment impact on quality of care and job satisfaction: a study with Pakistani nurses. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 15(6), 677-693.
Ahmad, R., Nawaz, M. R., Ishaq, M. I., Khan, M. M., & Ashraf, H. A. (2023). Social exchange theory: Systematic review and future directions. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1015921.
Ahmed, M., & Khan, M. I. (2023). Beyond the universal perception: Unveiling the paradoxical impact of ethical leadership on employees’ unethical pro-organizational behavior. Heliyon, 9(11).
Al Daboub, R. S., Al-Madadha, A., & Al-Adwan, A. S. (2024). Fostering firm innovativeness: Understanding the sequential relationships between human resource practices, psychological empowerment, innovative work behavior, and firm innovative capability. International Journal of Innovation Studies, 8(1), 76-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijis.2023.12.001
Aziz, N. M. A., Abdul Wahab, S. R., Shaari, R., Sarip, A., & Mohd Arif, L. S. (2024). The effect of psychological empowerment on the relationship between perceived organizational support and career satisfaction at manufacturing sector in Johor. SAGE Open, 14(1), 21582440231221131.
Bellou, V., & Dimou, M. (2022). The impact of destructive leadership on public servants’ performance: the mediating role of leader-member exchange, perceived organizational support and job satisfaction. International Journal of Public Administration, 45(9), 697-707.
Blau, P. (2017). Exchange and power in social life. Routledge.
Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The leadership quarterly, 17(6), 595-616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.004
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 97(2), 117-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002
Capone, V., Borrelli, R., Marino, L., & Schettino, G. (2022). Mental well-being and job satisfaction of hospital physicians during COVID-19: relationships with efficacy beliefs, organizational support, and organizational non-technical skills. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(6), 3734.
Chiang, C. F., & Hsieh, T. S. (2012). The impacts of perceived organizational support and psychological empowerment on job performance: The mediating effects of organizational citizenship behavior. International journal of hospitality management, 31(1), 180-190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.04.011
Cyfert, S., Szumowski, W., Dyduch, W., Zastempowski, M., & Chudziński, P. (2022). The power of moving fast: responsible leadership, psychological empowerment and workforce agility in energy sector firms. Heliyon, 8(10).
Djaya, Y. A., Lataruva, E., & Arminta, E. (2024). Ethical Leadership On Job Satisfaction: The Role Of Psychological Safety And Self-Efficacy. Eduvest-Journal of Universal Studies, 4(7), 5945-5960.
Dorta-Afonso, D., Romero-Domínguez, L., & Benítez-Núñez, C. (2023). It’s worth it! High performance work systems for employee job satisfaction: The mediational role of burnout. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 108, 103364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2022.103364
Dube, N., & Ndofirepi, T. M. (2024). Academic staff commitment in the face of a role (im) balance between work and personal life: can job satisfaction help?. European Journal of Management Studies, 29(1), 31-50.
Eisenberger, R., Huntington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied psychology, 71(3), 500.
Eisenberger, R., Rhoades Shanock, L., & Wen, X. (2020). Perceived organizational support: Why caring about employees counts. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 7(1), 101-124.
Eliyana, A., & Anwar, A. (2022). Creating the path for quality of work life: A study on nurse performance. Heliyon, 8(1).
Franczukowska, A. A., Krczal, E., Knapp, C., & Baumgartner, M. (2021). Examining ethical leadership in health care organizations and its impacts on employee work attitudes: an empirical analysis from Austria. Leadership in Health Services, 34(3), 229-247.
Frazier, M. L., & Jacezko, M. C. (2021). Leader Machiavellianism as an antecedent to ethical leadership: The impact on follower psychological empowerment and work outcomes. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 28(2), 154-168.
Freire, C., & Bettencourt, C. (2020). Impact of ethical leadership on job satisfaction: the mediating effect of work–family conflict. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 41(2), 319-330.
García-Juan, B., Escrig-Tena, A. B., & Roca-Puig, V. (2020). Psychological empowerment: Antecedents from goal orientation and consequences in public sector employees. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 40(2), 297-326.
Guo, K. (2022). The relationship between ethical leadership and employee job satisfaction: the mediating role of media richness and perceived organizational transparency. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 885515.
Hair, J. J., G. Hult, T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Third Edition. United States of America: Sages Publications, Inc.
Heidari, S., Parizad, N., Goli, R., Mam-Qaderi, M., & Hassanpour, A. (2022). Job satisfaction and its relationship with burnout among nurses working in COVID-19 wards: A descriptive correlational study. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 82, 104591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104591
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the academy of marketing science, 43, 115-135.
Homans, G. C. (1961). Social behavior: Its elementary forms. Harcout, Brace, Jovanovich.
Hu, Y., Zhu, L., Zhou, M., Li, J., Maguire, P., Sun, H., & Wang, D. (2018). Exploring the influence of ethical leadership on voice behavior: how leader-member exchange, psychological safety and psychological empowerment influence employees’ willingness to speak out. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 1718.
Ipsen, C., Kirchner, K., Andersone, N., & Karanika-Murray, M. (2022). Becoming a distance manager: managerial experiences, perceived organizational support, and job satisfaction during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 916234.
Jang, Y., & Oh, Y. (2019). Impact of ethical factors on job satisfaction among Korean nurses. Nursing ethics, 26(4), 1186-1198.
Katircioglu, S., Arasli, H., & Cizreliogullari, M. N. (2022). The role of ethical leadership in psychological capital and job satisfaction of immigrant workers: Evidence from the hotel industry of Cyprus. Sage Open, 12(3), 21582440211069959.
Lamm, E., Tosti-Kharas, J., & King, C. E. (2015). Empowering employee sustainability: Perceived organizational support toward the environment. Journal of Business Ethics, 128, 207-220.
Llorente Alonso, M., García Ael, C., & Topa, G. (2024). A meta analysis of psychological empowerment: Antecedents, organizational outcomes, and moderating variables. Current Psychology, 43(2), pp. 1759–1784.
Llorente-Alonso, M., García-Ael, C., & Topa, G. (2024). A meta-analysis of psychological empowerment: Antecedents, organizational outcomes, and moderating variables. Current Psychology, 43(2), 1759-1784.
Maan, A. T., Abid, G., Butt, T. H., Ashfaq, F., & Ahmed, S. (2020). Perceived organizational support and job satisfaction: a moderated mediation model of proactive personality and psychological empowerment. Future Business Journal, 6, 1-12.
Mascarenhas, C., Galvão, A. R., & Marques, C. S. (2022). How perceived organizational support, identification with organization and work engagement influence job satisfaction: a gender-based perspective. Administrative Sciences, 12(2), 66.
Mathew, J., & Nair, S. (2022). Psychological empowerment and job satisfaction: A meta-analytic review. Vision, 26(4), 431-440.
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2022). Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor HK.01.07/MENKES/1128/2022 tentang Standar Akreditasi Rumah Sakit. Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI.
Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. (2024). Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2023. Juni. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Mufti, M., Xiaobao, P., Shah, S. J., Sarwar, A., & Zhenqing, Y. (2020). Influence of leadership style on job satisfaction of NGO employee: The mediating role of psychological empowerment. Journal of Public Affairs, 20(1), e1983.
National Nurses United. (2021) Protecting our front line: ending the shortage of good nursing jobs and the industry-created unsafe staffing crisis. December. National Nurses United Oakland. California.
Orlowska, A., & Laguna, M. (2023). Structural and Psychological Empowerment in Explaining Job Satisfaction and Burnout in Nurses: A Two‐Level Investigation. Journal of Nursing Management, 2023(1), 9958842.
Park, J., & Kim, W. (2022). The impact of perceived organizational support on innovative work behaviour through psychological empowerment: Focusing on the moderated mediating role of organizational procedural justice. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 14(1), 178-191.
Pramana, I. G. N. A. A., & Putra, M. S. (2022). The effect of work-life balance on work engagement mediated by job satisfaction and life satisfaction: Study on Balai Pemasyarakatan kelas I Denpasar’s employee. International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social Sciences, 9(5), 735–748. https://doi.org/10.21744/irjmis.v9n5.2179
Qing, M., Asif, M., Hussain, A., & Jameel, A. (2020). Exploring the impact of ethical leadership on job satisfaction and organizational commitment in public sector organizations: The mediating role of psychological empowerment. Review of Managerial Science, 14(6), 1405-1432.
Raharto, A., & Noveria, M. (2020). Nurse migration and career development: the Indonesian case. Human resources for the health and long-term care of older persons in Asia. ERIA, 63-102.
Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: a review of the literature. Journal of applied psychology, 87(4), 698-714.
Rhoades, L., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S. (2001). Affective commitment to the organization: the contribution of perceived organizational support. Journal of applied psychology, 86(5), 825-836.
Sahraei Beiranvand, M., Beiranvand, S., Beiranvand, S., & Mohammadipour, F. (2021). Explaining the effect of authentic and ethical leadership on psychological empowerment of nurses. Journal of nursing management, 29(5), 1081-1090.
Spector, P. E. (1985). Measurement of human service staff satisfaction: Development of the Job Satisfaction Survey. American journal of community psychology, 13(6), 693.
Spreitzer, G. M. (1995). Psychological empowerment in the workplace: Dimensions, measurement, and validation. Academy of management Journal, 38(5), 1442-1465.
Suifan, T. S., Diab, H., Alhyari, S., & Sweis, R. J. (2020). Does ethical leadership reduce turnover intention? The mediating effects of psychological empowerment and organizational identification. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 30(4), 410-428.
Sun, B., Zhu, F., Lin, S., Sun, J., Wu, Y., & Xiao, W. (2022). How is professional identity associated with teacher career satisfaction? A cross-sectional design to test the multiple mediating roles of psychological empowerment and work engagement. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9009.
Sungu, L. J., Weng, Q., & Kitule, J. A. (2019). When organizational support yields both performance and satisfaction: the role of performance ability in the lens of social exchange theory. Personnel Review, 48(6), 1410-1428.
Sutrisno, E. (2019). Manajemen Sumber Daya Manusia. Jakarta: PrenadamediaGroup
Wang, Q., Zhou, X., Bao, J., Zhang, X., & Ju, W. (2020). How is ethical leadership linked to subordinate taking charge? A moderated mediation model of social exchange and power distance. Frontiers in psychology, 11, 315.
Wu, J. R., Iwanaga, K., Chan, F., Lee, B., Chen, X., Walker, R., ... & Brooks, J. M. (2023). Positive organizational psychology factors as serial multiple mediators of the relationship between organization support and job satisfaction among peer support specialists. Journal of Occupational Rehabilitation, 33(1), 121-133.
Yu, J., Ariza-Montes, A., Giorgi, G., Lee, A., & Han, H. (2020). Sustainable relationship development between hotel company and its employees: Linking job embeddedness, job satisfaction, self-efficacy, job performance, work engagement, and turnover. Sustainability, 12(17), 7168.
Yuan, L., Pham, M. L., Dang, T. P., Nguyen, T. N. M., Vu, M. C., & Nguyen, A. T. (2022). Linking ethical leadership to job satisfaction and work engagement: The mediating role of psychological empowerment. Journal of International Business and Management, 5(12), 01-16.
Zeng, X., Zhang, X., Chen, M., Liu, J., & Wu, C. (2020). The influence of perceived organizational support on police job burnout: a moderated mediation model. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 948.
Zoller, Y. J., & Muldoon, J. (2019). Illuminating the principles of social exchange theory with Hawthorne studies. Journal of Management History, 25(1), 47-66.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2025 International research journal of management, IT and social sciences
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Articles published in the International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social sciences (IRJMIS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IRJMIS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IRJMIS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IRJMIS volumes 7 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.
