Pakistan’s nuclear policy & development: a Sri Lankan perspective
Keywords:
arms race, atom bomb, indo-pak relation, nuclear weapon, pakistan foreign policyAbstract
This paper aims to examine the historical background of Pakistan’s nuclear strategic doctrines in the context of nuclear deterrence policy of Pakistan. After years of research, Pakistan proudly set off an atomic bomb in 1998 and became the first Muslim nation to join the nuclear community. Primarily, the reason of nuclear deterrence of Pakistan will be profound as part of their historical conflicts with India and Indian threat was the major motive for Pakistan unveiling its nuclear card. The explosion caused tensions around the world and further strained diplomatic relations between Pakistan and its main rival India, which had detonated its own atomic device in 1974. The original Pakistani effort to build the atomic bomb began in the 1950s and reached a fever pitch during the Jimmy Carter administration when Pakistan made a deal with France for a reprocessing plant that could create fissionable plutonium.
Downloads
References
Ali, M., Banks, G., & Parsons, N. (2015). The united states-pakistan aid relationship: a genuine alliance or a marriage of convenience?. Institute of Regional Studies, Islamabad, 33(2), 3-32.
Areas, Dawn (1954). A-Energy for Peaceful Uses: 2-Year Probe Opens in USA: Pakistan Likely to be Among ‘Selected. Areas,’” Dawn, 28.
Asuelime, L. E., & Adekoye, R. A. (2016). A Historical Analysis of South East Asian “Emerging Powers” Nuclear Proliferation: India and Pakistan. In Nuclear Proliferation in South Africa(pp. 63-79). Springer, Cham.
Bhutto, Z. A. (1964). Foreign policy of Pakistan: a compendium of speeches made in the National Assembly of Pakistan 1962-64. Pakistan Institute of International Affairs.
Bhutto, Z. A. (1970). Awakening the People: Speeches of Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, 1966–1969. Rawalpindi: Pakistan Publications, 21.
Boyd, G. M. (1986). Pakistan Denies Developing Bomb. New York Times, 17.
Chakma, B. (2012). Pakistan's nuclear weapons. Routledge.
Cho, J. G., Sabate, J. A., Hua, G., & Lee, F. C. (1996). Zero-voltage and zero-current-switching full bridge PWM converter for high-power applications. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 11(4), 622-628.
Dawn (1955). Immediate Steps for Popular Rule in E Wing, Atomic Schemes to be Pursued. Dawn, 2.
Doder, D. (1985). A Comeback by Ex-Soviet Military Chief. Boston Globe, 13.
Ebinger, C. K. (1979). US Nuclear Non-proliferation Policy: The Pakistan Controversy. Fletcher F., 3, 1.
Howard, A., & Bray, D. W. (1988). Managerial lives in transition: Advancing age and changing times. Guilford Press.
Hussain, R. (2005). Nuclear Doctrines in South Asia. South Asia Strategic Stability Unit, University of Bradford, Report, (4).
Johnston, A. I. (1998). China's Militarized Interstate Dispute Behaviour 1949–1992: A First Cut at the Data. The China Quarterly, 153, 1-30.
Jones, O. B. (2002). Pakistan: Eye of the Storm (New Haven and London, Yale University Press).
Jones, R. W. (1998). Tracking nuclear proliferation: A guide in maps and charts. Appendix J, 1998, 319.
Kapur, D., & Musser, D. R. (1987). Proof by consistency. Artificial Intelligence, 31(2), 125-157.
Karp, R. C. (Ed.). (1991). Security with nuclear weapons?: different perspectives on national security (Vol. 1). Sipri Publication.
Kerr, P. K. (2010). Pakistan's nuclear weapons: proliferation and security issues. Diane Publishing.
Khairutdinov, R. R., Khairullina, G. R., Mukhametzyanova, F. G., & Sigacheva, N. A. (2017). The Study of Conservation of Idioms in the Translation of the English Literary Texts. Modern Journal of Language Teaching Methods (MJLTM), 76.
Khalilzad, Z. (1980). Pakistan and the bomb. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 36(1), 11-16.
Khan, Z. (2014). Pakistan's Nuclear Policy: A Minimum Credible Deterrence. Routledge.
Lamont, J., & Bokhari, F. (2008). Pakistan in trade and arms offer to India. Financial Times.
Latif, A. (2014). A Comparative Study of Nuclear Doctrines of India and Pakistan. Journal of Global Peace and Conflict, 2(1), 129-146.
Lavoy, P. (2007). Pakistan’s nuclear posture: security and survivability. Nonproliferation Policy Education Center, 21.
Leventhal, P. L. (1992). Plugging the leaks in nuclear export controls: why bother?. Orbis, 36, 167-180.
Levine, Y. K., Birdsall, N. J. M., Lee, A. G., Metcalfe, J. C., Partington, P., & Roberts, G. C. K. (1974). Calculation of dipolar nuclear magnetic relaxation times in molecules with multiple internal rotations. II. Theoretical results for anisotropic over‐all motion of the molecule, and comparison with 13C relaxation times in n‐alkanes and n‐alkyl bromides. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 60(7), 2890-2899.
McMahon, R. J. (1996). The cold war on the periphery: The United States, India, and Pakistan. Columbia University Press.
Merani, N. S. (1990). The International Decade for Natural Disaster Reducction. En: A. Kreimer y.
Milhollin, G. (1986). Dateline New Delhi: India's Nuclear Cover-Up. Foreign Policy, (64), 161-175.
Nation, J. L., Sanford, M. T., & Milne, K. (1992). Cuticular hydrocarbons fromVarroa jacobsoni. Experimental & applied acarology, 16(4), 331-344.
Norris, R. S., & Kristensen, H. (2009). Pakistani Nuclear Forces, 2009. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 65(5), 82-89.
Norris, R. S., & Kristensen, H. M. (2007). Pakistan's Nuclear Forces, 2007. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 63(3), 71-74.
Paul, T. V. (1992). Influence through arms transfers: Lessons from the US-Pakistani relationship. Asian Survey, 32(12), 1078-1092.
Pedraza, J. M. (2017). Are Nuclear-Weapon States not Parties to the Non-proliferation Treaty Ready to Renounce to the Possession of Nuclear Weapons?. Public Organization Review, 17(3), 335-352.
Post, W. S., Goldschmidt-Clermont, P. J., Wilhide, C. C., Heldman, A. W., Sussman, M. S., Ouyang, P., ... & Issa, J. P. J. (1999). Methylation of the estrogen receptor gene is associated with aging and atherosclerosis in the cardiovascular system. Cardiovascular research, 43(4), 985-991.
Rizvi, H. A. (1991). The military and politics in Pakistan. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 26(1-2), 27-42.
Ross, R. S. (2005). Engagement in US China policy. In Engaging China (pp. 195-226). Routledge.
Saeed, M. Y. (2004). Motivation of Nuclear Proliferation in Pakistan: The India Factor. Journal Of South Asian And Middle Eastern Studies, 27(4), 34-51.
Salik, N. (2009). The genesis of South Asian nuclear deterrence: Pakistan's perspective. Oxford University Press.
Sharma, M., & Anand, S. K. (2002). Swarming: a coordinated bacterial activity. Current Science, 707-715.
Smart, I. (1975). The Great Engines: The Rise and Decline of a Nuclear Age. International Affairs (Royal Institute of International Affairs 1944-), 51(4), 544-553.
Smith, H. (1988). A Bomb Ticks in Pakistan. New York Times Magazine, 6, 318.
Spector, L. S., & Smith, J. (1990). Nuclear ambitions.
Sultana, A., Irum, S., Ahmed, K., & Mehmood, N. (2012). Impact of training on employee performance: A study of telecommunication sector in Pakistan. Interdisciplinary Journal of contemporary research in business, 4(6), 646-661.
Tirmazi, S. A. I. (1995). Profiles of Intelligence.
Trumbull, W., & Abhayaratne, P. (2004). WMD terrorism chronology: Incidents involving sub-national actors and chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear materials. Centers for Nonproliferation Studies, Monterey Institute of International Studies, 2003.
Weaver, M. A. (1982). Zia: Pakistan's Military Ruler, Before US Visit, Talks About Drugs, Arms Build-up, India, Elections, Afghanistan, and'the Bomb,'. Christian Science Monitor.
Weiner, T. (1998). US and China Helped Pakistan Build Its Bomb. The New York Times, (1).
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Articles published in the International Research Journal of Management, IT and Social sciences (IRJMIS) are available under Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives Licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors retain copyright in their work and grant IRJMIS right of first publication under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0. Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Articles published in IRJMIS can be copied, communicated and shared in their published form for non-commercial purposes provided full attribution is given to the author and the journal. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
This copyright notice applies to articles published in IRJMIS volumes 7 onwards. Please read about the copyright notices for previous volumes under Journal History.
